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Current Satellite Platforms used by |
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JTWC, NHC, & AFWA |
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Current Satellite Platforms used by |
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JTWC, NHC, & AFWA |
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SATELLITE SYSTEMS USED BY JTWC and AFWA: |
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GMS-5 |
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GOES 8/10 |
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METOSAT-5/7 |
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DMSP (F11, F12, F13, F14, F15) |
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TRMM (NASA Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) |
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QuikScat (NASA Scatterometer) |
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ERS-2
(Scatterometer) |
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NOAA (TIROS) Polar Orbiters (NOAA 12, 14, 15) |
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SENSORS AND RESOLUTIONS FOR EACH SYSTEM |
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AVAILABLE IMAGERY TYPES (examples) |
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---- & Upcoming METSAT systems! |
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GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE |
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PRIMARY SYSTEM USED BY JTWC |
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CENTERED AT 140° EAST |
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EFFECTIVE FOV FROM 80°E to 160°W |
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COVERS THE WESTERN PACIFIC and |
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EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN AORS |
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FOUR CHANNELS |
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Visible
Vis |
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Far infrared Ir1 |
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Far Far infrared Ir2 |
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Water vapor Ir3 |
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Wavelength: 0.55-0.9 microns |
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Max resolution: 1.25km |
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Unit of Measure: Albedo |
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Wavelength: 10.5-11.5 microns |
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Max resolution: 5km |
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Unit of Measure: Temperature |
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Wavelength: 11.5-12.5 microns |
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Max resolution: 5km |
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Unit of Measure: Temperature |
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Wavelength: 6.5-7.0 microns |
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Max resolution: 5km |
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Unit of measure: Temperature modified by water
vapor absorption |
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Combination of VIS and IR1 |
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Formed by assigning different wavelengths to an
RBG color gun |
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VIS is loaded in the Red and Green color guns,
IR1 in the Blue |
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Result: yellow = low clouds blue = high clouds white = thick convection |
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GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE |
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BACKUP SYSTEM USED FOR WESTPAC COVERAGE |
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Available AT AFWA, BUT ONLY via MarkIVB
(currently) |
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CENTERED AT 105° EAST |
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EFFECTIVE FOV FROM 60°E to 150°E |
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First was FY-2A (now backup), Current is FY-2B |
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COVERS THE WESTERN PACIFIC and |
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EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN AORS |
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The FY- 2 meteorological satellite is located in
the geostationary orbit |
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Characteristics: |
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Altitude: 35800 kilometers |
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Longitude: 105 degrees E |
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Size: Cylindrical: 2.1m by 1.6m |
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The attitude of the satellite is spin stabilized
with a speed of 100I 1 rotation/min. |
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The scan radiometer (S-VISSR) obtains a full
view image once an hour. |
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It includes three channels: |
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Type: Wavelength: |
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Visible (0.55-1.05um) |
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Infrared (10.5-12.5 um) |
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Water vapor (6.2-7.6 um). |
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Note : FY-2C, D, and E will have five channels |
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The sub-point resolution of visible channel is
1.25 Km while infrared channel and water vapour channel are about 5 Km. The
reflective radiation of cloud and earth surface on daytime can be obtained
by visible channel |
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FENGYUN 2 IS A SECOND-GENERATION METEOROLOGICAL
SATELLITE DEVELOPED BY CHINESE SCIENTISTS. |
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IT WAS LAUNCHED BY A LONG MARCH 3 CARRIER ROCKET
AT THE XICHANG SATELLITE LAUNCHING CENTER IN SOUTHWEST CHINA'S SICHUAN
PROVINCE. |
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THE FENGYUN 2 SATELLITE WAS DEVELOPED MAINLY BY
THE SHANGHAI AEROSPACE TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNDER THE CHINA
AEROSPACE CORPORATION. |
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WEIGHING 1.38 TONS, THE SATELLITE IS EQUIPPED
WITH |
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SCANNING RADIOMETER, |
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CLOUD COVERAGE INFORMATION SYSTEM |
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DATA COLLECTION TRANSLATOR. |
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THE SATELLITE IS DESIGNED TO HAVE A LIFE SPAN OF
THREE YEARS. |
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THE FENGYUN 2 IS A METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE THAT
IS IN SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT WITH THE EARTH. |
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THE FENGYUN 2 CAN COVER ABOUT 100 MILLION SQ KM
OF EARTH SURFACE, KEEPING CHINA AT THE CENTER. IT CAN ALSO PROVIDE METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION SUCH AS CLOUD
MAPS, TEMPERATURES, AND WIND MOVEMENTS OVER CHINA AND ITS NEIGHBORS. |
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THE SATELLITE WILL HELP IMPROVE MEDIUM- AND
LONG-TERM WEATHER FORECASTS AND THOSE FOR NATURAL DISASTERS |
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THE SATELLITE HAS BEEN OPERATING NORMALLY, AND
THE XI'AN SATELLITE CONTROL CENTER AND MARINE SURVEYING SHIPS WILL TRACK
AND CONTROL THE SATELLITE, WHICH WILL BE POSITIONED OVER THE EQUATOR AT 105
DEGREES EAST LONGITUDE. |
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GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES |
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PRIMARY SYSTEMS USED BY NHC, CPHC, SAB, JTWC |
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& AFWA for Atlantic, Eastern, and Central
Pacific Oceans |
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CENTERED AT 135° WEST (GOES 10) |
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& 75° WEST (GOES 8) |
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COVERS THE ATLANTIC, EASTERN AND CENTRAL PACIFIC
OCEAN AORS |
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CENTERED AT 135° WEST (GOES 10) |
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& 75° WEST (GOES 8) |
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COVERS THE ATLANTIC, EASTERN AND CENTRAL PACIFIC
OCEAN AORS |
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GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES |
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USED FOR INDIAN OCEAN METWATCH |
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MET-7 for the Eastern Atlantic |
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CENTERED AT 0° (MET7) and 63° (MET5) EAST |
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EFFECTIVE FOV FROM 60°W TO 120°E |
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COVERS THE NORTH AND SOUTH
INDIAN OCEAN AORS |
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THREE CHANNELS |
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Visible Vis |
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Infrared IR |
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Water Vapor WV |
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Wavelength: 0.5-0.9 microns |
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Max Resolution: 2.5km |
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Unit of Measure: Albedo |
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Wavelength: 10.5-12.5 microns |
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Max Resolution: 5km |
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Unit of Measure: Temperature |
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Wavelength: 5.7-7.1 microns |
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Max Resolution: 5km |
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Unit of Measure: Temperature modified by water
vapor absorption |
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98° inclination angle |
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Sun synchronous orbit |
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Best coverage near the poles |
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Used by JTWC for SSM/I only |
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Three Satellites with operational SSM/I: F13,
F14, & F15 |
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F11 still sends 85H imagery; |
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F11 surface winds not useable |
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DMSP also transmits OLS imagery |
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F11, F12, F13, F14, F15 available |
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Broadband Visual (Light Smooth) & Infrared
(Thermal Smooth) |
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1.5 nm resolution for smooth |
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0.3 nm for fine |
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Wavelength: 3.5 mm |
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Frequency: 85 GHz |
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Polarization: Horizontal |
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Resolution: 16km * 14km |
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Swath Width: 1400km |
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85H GHz is the primary channel used for
estimating LLCC position. |
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Product:
Ocean Surface Winds |
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Determines: Gale Wind radius |
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Frequencies: 19V, 22V, |
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37 V/H GHz |
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Resolution: 32km * 32km |
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Swath Width: 1400km |
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Product:
Ocean Surface Winds |
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Determines: Gale Wind radius |
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Frequencies: 19V, 22V, |
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37 V/H GHz |
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Resolution: 32km * 32km |
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Swath Width: 1400km |
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Wavelength: 0.5 to 1.5 microns |
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Visual (Light Smooth) |
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Resolution: Smooth: 1.5 nm |
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Swath Width: 2800km |
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Wavelength: 85 GHz horizontal |
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Resolution: 16km * 14km |
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Swath Width: 1400km |
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EQUATORIAL ORBITING SATELLITE |
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Passive Microwave sensor data used by JTWC |
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35° inclination angle |
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Best coverage near 30 north/south |
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Launched on November 27,
1997, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a joint mission
between NASA and the National Space Development Agency (NASDA) of Japan. |
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It
was designed to monitor and study tropical rainfall and the associated
release of energy that helps to power the global atmospheric circulation
shaping both weather and climate around the globe. |
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Used by JTWC, NHC, and AFWA for Microwave
imagery |
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Similar to DMSP SSM/I, except swath width = 1/2 |
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Also has great Visual and IR imagery (VISR
sensor) |
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TRMM also carries the only orbiting active
weather radar (precipitation only) |
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TRMM Characteristics: |
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TRMM DMSP-SSM/I |
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Swath
width 780
km 1400 km |
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Resolution 7 km x 5 km 13 km x 15 km |
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Altitude 350 km (218 mi) 860 km (537 mi) |
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Orbit Circular/ tropical Circular/ Polar |
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Orbital parameters were: period 92 min, apogee
381 km, perigee 366 km, and inclination 35 deg. |
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NOTES: |
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(1) Conical Scanning Microwave sensor (like
SSM/I) |
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(2) Same channels as SSM/I, plus 1 extra (10.7
GHz V/H). |
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(3) TRMM also has an active weather radar |
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(but - the swath is so narrow - it’s seldom very useful) |
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Wavelength: 3.5 mm |
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Frequency: 85 GHz |
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Polarization: Horizontal |
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Resolution: 7km * 5km |
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Swath width: 750km |
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Wavelength: 3.5 mm |
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Frequency: 85 GHz |
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Polarization: Horizontal |
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Resolution: 7km * 5km |
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Swath width: 750km |
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98° inclination angle |
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Sun-synchronous, orbital altitude 833 or 870 km |
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Best coverage near the poles |
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Practically the same as DMSP in many ways |
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Used by AFWA/XOGM and NHC for AVHRR imagery |
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Three NOAA Satellites operational : |
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N12, N14, & N15 |
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NOAA AVHRR similar to DMSP OLS Light Smooth
& Thermal Smooth |
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Only used during data loss of Geostationary
(GMS-5, GOES, METEOSAT) |
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Spatial Resolution: |
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Global Area Coverage (GAC): 4.4 kilometers |
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Local
Area Coverage (LAC): 1.1 kilometers (Available in parts of the world) |
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Swath Width:
2800 kilometers |
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Coverage:
2 times per day per satellite |
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Records Data in 5 Wavelength Intervals (bands or
channels) |
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1. Visible Green and Red (0.58 to 0.68 microns) |
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2. Near Infrared (0.72 to 1.10 microns) |
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3. Mid Infrared (3.53 to 3.93 microns) |
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4. Thermal Infrared (10.3 to 11.3 microns) |
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5. Thermal Infrared (11.5 to 12.5 microns) |
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Bands 1 and 2 record reflected energy |
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Band 3 records reflected energy during the day
and emitted energy at night. |
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Bands 4 and 5 records emitted thermal (heat)
energy |
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Channel
Description Spectral
Bandpass Spatial Resolution |
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# (micrometers- mm ) at nadir (km) |
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1
Visible 0.580 - 0.68 1.1 |
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2
Near IR 0.725 - 1.00 1.1 |
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3A
Near IR 1.580 - 1.64 1.1 |
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3B
IR-Window 3.550 - 3.93 1.1 |
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4
IR-Window 10.300 - 11.3 1.1 |
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5
IR-Window 11.500 - 12.5 1.1 |
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IMPORTANT DIFFERENCE: NO SSM/I! |
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But, the NOAA-15 spacecraft has a new 16 km
resolution sensor called the AMSU (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit). |
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AMSU is split into two sensor packages: |
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AMSU-A (15 channels at 48 km resolution) |
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AMSU-A channels range from 50-60 GHz |
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Channels 5, 6, 7, 8 are used to determine upper
tropospheric temperatures (100-350 mb) |
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AMSU-B (5 channels at 16 km resolution) |
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AMSU-B channels range from 89-183 GHz |
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Channels 16 (89 GHz) and 17 (150 GHz) can be
used for location of tropical cyclone LLCC’s, like SSM/I. |
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AMSU-B (5 channels at 16 km resolution) |
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Channel Center freq.
of channel Spatial Resolution |
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#
(GHz)
at nadir (km) |
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16 89.0 +/-0.9 16.0 |
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17
150.0 +/-0.9 16.0 |
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18
183.31 +/-1.0 16.0 |
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19
183.31 +/-3.0 16.0 |
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20
183.31 +/-7.0 16.0 |
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POLAR ORBITING SATELLITE |
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Active Microwave |
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Radar pulse is scattered in many directions by
sea surface. |
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Wavelength and view angle are optimized for
capillary waves. |
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Backscatter is interpreted by assuming capillary
waves are present. |
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QuickSCAT measures capillary wave backscatter. |
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An algorithm turns this into near-surface wind
speed. |
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No independent rain sensor. |
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Global error: |
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Speed: 2 m/s or 10% RMS |
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Dir.: 20% RMS (3-25 m/s.) |
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Depends on wavelength |
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<< Far infrared Visible
light >>> |
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Rain flagged error |
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Why: Backscatter doesn’t represent the disturbed
surface |
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Flagging is just a probability estimate of
contamination. |
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Below 20 m/s, winds tend to be too high |
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Swath edge error |
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Why: Retrieval goes bad because of insufficient
data |
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Appearance: Vectors align along satellite ground
path |
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Speeds tend to be high |
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The backscatter measurement suffers error from |
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Disturbed surface (heavy rain, foam, slicks) |
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Why: backscatter doesn’t represent capillary
waves anymore. |
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Flagging is an estimate of the probability of
contamination. |
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<under 20 m/s., bias is high. |
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Clue: anomalous high/low biases or vectors
aligned cross track. |
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Forecast weighting is a matter of experience. Develop your judgement. |
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At view angle extremes, the assumptions break
down. |
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Depends on view angle. |
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Errors in extreme view angles. |
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Insufficient information to do |
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a quality retrieval. |
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Clues: |
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Wind vectors align along |
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the satellite ground path direction. |
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Wind speeds tend to be too high. |
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Example: brown = low quality > |
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Interpretation of remotely sensed imagery
requires understanding what you are seeing. |
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Choice of wavelengths & view angle decides
backscatter signal. |
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Major error sources |
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Heavy rain: scatterometers are confused by the
disturbed surface |
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Low view angle: poor retrieval of wind vector |
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Look for colored rain flag or too many vectors
parallel to swath direction |
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POLAR ORBITING SATELLITE |
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Active Microwave |
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Sun-synchronous orbit |
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98.5° inclination angle |
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Similar track to DMSP and NOAA |
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Swath width: 500km |
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Measures radar back-scatter produced by
wind-driven capillary waves on the sea surface |
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Can’t resolve wind speeds greater than 40 knots accurately |
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Hurricane Carlotta (03E) June 22, 2000 |
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Notice the impact of the much smaller swath of
ERS-2. Less coverage than quikscat
- Hurricane center not even observed. |
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Notes